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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Halbeinfache Lie-Algebra</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Halbeinfache Lie-Algebren</b> werden in der mathematischen Theorie der <a href="Lie-Algebren" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie-Algebren">Lie-Algebren</a> untersucht. Die <a href="Dimension_(Mathematik)" title="Dimension (Mathematik)">endlichdimensionalen</a>, halbeinfachen, komplexen Lie-Algebren lassen sich vollständig klassifizieren. Sie setzen sich aus <a href="Einfache_Lie-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Einfache Lie-Algebra">einfachen Lie-Algebren</a> zusammen, woher ihr Name resultiert. Diese Theorie geht im Wesentlichen auf Arbeiten von <a href="Wilhelm_Killing" title="Wilhelm Killing">Wilhelm Killing</a> und <a href="%C3%89lie_Cartan" title="Élie Cartan">Élie Cartan</a> Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zurück. Die heute zur Klassifikation verwendeten <a href="Dynkin-Diagramm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynkin-Diagramm">Dynkin-Diagramme</a> wurden 1947 von <a href="Eugene_Dynkin" title="Eugene Dynkin">Eugene Dynkin</a> eingeführt. Wesentliche Teile der Theorie finden sich im Standardwerk von <a href="James_E._Humphreys" title="James E. Humphreys">James E. Humphreys</a> über <a href="Darstellung_(Lie-Algebra)" title="Darstellung (Lie-Algebra)">Darstellungen von Lie-Algebren</a> aus dem Jahre 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dort fehlt die Beschreibung der sogenannten exzeptionellen Lie-Algebren. Diese kann man in einem älteren Lehrbuch von <a href="Richard_D._Schafer" title="Richard D. Schafer">Richard D. Schafer</a> über nicht-assoziative Algebren aus dem Jahre 1966 finden.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das unten angegebene Lehrbuch von <a href="Roger_Carter_(Mathematiker)" title="Roger Carter (Mathematiker)">Roger Carter</a> enthält eine modernere, leicht zugängliche Darstellung.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitionen_und_Charakterisierungen">Definitionen und Charakterisierungen</h2></div>
<p>Wir betrachten hier endlichdimensionale Lie-Algebren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> über einem <a href="Algebraischer_Abschluss" title="Algebraischer Abschluss">algebraisch abgeschlossenen</a> <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Charakteristik_(Algebra)" title="Charakteristik (Algebra)">Charakteristik</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Körper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a> ist das prominenteste Beispiel. Manche der folgenden Ausführungen kommen mit schwächeren Voraussetzungen an den Grundkörper aus, aber an einigen Stellen der Theorie benötigt man die Existenz von <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerten</a> und daher die algebraische Abgeschlossenheit, und die Division durch ganze Zahlen und daher die Charakteristik <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Es gibt eine Reihe äquivalenter Möglichkeiten, halbeinfache Lie-Algebren zu definieren.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_Chapter_II_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys_Chapter_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Lie-Algebra heißt <i>einfach,</i> falls sie nicht <a href="Abelsche_Lie-Algebra" title="Abelsche Lie-Algebra">abelsch</a> ist und außer dem <a href="Nullvektorraum" title="Nullvektorraum">Nullraum</a> und sich selbst keine weiteren <a href="Lie-Algebra#Unteralgebra" title="Lie-Algebra">Ideale</a> enthält. Die namensgebende Definition lautet:
</p>
<ul><li>Eine Lie-Algebra heißt halbeinfach, wenn sie eine direkte Summe einfacher Ideale ist.</li></ul>
<p>Eine alternative Beschreibung verwendet das <a href="Radikal_(Mathematik)" title="Radikal (Mathematik)">Radikal</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Rad} (L)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Rad} (L)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87d6cd1fc5d3596be312c75361048f3f081c2044.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.558ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Rad} (L)}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Lie-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>, das sich als größtes <a href="Aufl%C3%B6sbare_Lie-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Auflösbare Lie-Algebra">auflösbares</a> Ideal in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> definieren lässt.
</p>
<ul><li>Eine Lie-Algebra ist genau dann halbeinfach, wenn ihr Radikal der Nullraum ist.</li></ul>
<p>Daraus ergibt sich sofort
</p>
<ul><li>Eine Lie-Algebra ist genau dann halbeinfach, wenn sie keine vom Nullraum verschiedenen auflösbaren Ideale enthält.</li>
<li>Eine Lie-Algebra ist genau dann halbeinfach, wenn sie keine vom Nullraum verschiedenen abelschen Ideale enthält.</li></ul>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} :L\rightarrow {\mathfrak {gl}}(L)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} :L\rightarrow {\mathfrak {gl}}(L)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ddb917960d9e630e02f15474b623490a3e871c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.804ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} :L\rightarrow {\mathfrak {gl}}(L)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Darstellung_(Lie-Algebra)" title="Darstellung (Lie-Algebra)">adjungierte Darstellung</a>, die jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97fca945ad424639c27ec8dccaf96c0bda408d3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.753ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in L}" loading="lazy"></span> auf den durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {ad} \,x)(y):=[x,y]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {ad} \,x)(y):=[x,y]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fd13348f120ded56984dba33e9321f3c3a9fa94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.504ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {ad} \,x)(y):=[x,y]}" loading="lazy"></span> definierten <a href="Endomorphismus" title="Endomorphismus">Endomorphismus</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> abbildet, so wird durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa (x,y):=\mathrm {Spur} ((\mathrm {ad} \,x)(\mathrm {ad} \,y))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa (x,y):=\mathrm {Spur} ((\mathrm {ad} \,x)(\mathrm {ad} \,y))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72a3f4f5a258a79067e2640d715bbc646781aa22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.799ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa (x,y):=\mathrm {Spur} ((\mathrm {ad} \,x)(\mathrm {ad} \,y))}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Bilinearform" title="Bilinearform">symmetrische Bilinearform</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert, die nach Wilhelm Killing benannte <a href="Killing-Form" title="Killing-Form">Killing-Form</a>.
</p>
<ul><li>Eine Lie-Algebra ist genau dann halbeinfach, wenn ihre Killing-Form <a href="Bilinearform" title="Bilinearform">nicht-ausgeartet</a> ist.</li></ul>
<p>Dieses <a href="Cartan-Kriterium" title="Cartan-Kriterium">Cartan-Kriterium</a> ist prinzipiell ein Verfahren zur Überprüfung der Halbeinfachheit, auch wenn dies im Einzelfall sehr mühsam sein kann. Man bestimme die Killing-Form, genauer die darstellende Matrix bzgl. einer <a href="Basis_(Vektorraum)" title="Basis (Vektorraum)">Basis</a>. Die Lie-Algebra ist genau dann halbeinfach, wenn die <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> dieser Matrix nicht 0 ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<p>Das einfachste Beispiel ist die <a href="Sl(2%2CC)" title="Sl(2,C)">dreidimensionale, spezielle, lineare Lie-Algebra</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {C} )=\{z\in \mathrm {Mat} (2,\mathbb {C} )|\,\mathrm {Spur} (z)=0\}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {C} )=\{z\in \mathrm {Mat} (2,\mathbb {C} )|\,\mathrm {Spur} (z)=0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/689f175e05ddafa1be12510f219d4594037726b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.041ex; width:39.621ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,\mathbb {C} )=\{z\in \mathrm {Mat} (2,\mathbb {C} )|\,\mathrm {Spur} (z)=0\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Basis
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad h={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},\quad y={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad h={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},\quad y={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/618859dbeb30946bc4e4d5312ccafe98b242c628.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:48.101ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad h={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},\quad y={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Bezüglich der angegebenen Basis haben die Adjungierten der Basis-Elemente folgende Matrix-Darstellungen, die wir als Gleichheit schreiben:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,x\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&-2&0\\0&0&1\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathrm {ad} \,h\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}2&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathrm {ad} \,y\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\-1&0&0\\0&2&0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
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</mtd>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>y</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>2</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,x\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&-2&0\\0&0&1\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathrm {ad} \,h\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}2&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathrm {ad} \,y\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\-1&0&0\\0&2&0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5b61d5277b18f693914143d102164bf1511b822.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:74.958ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,x\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&-2&0\\0&0&1\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathrm {ad} \,h\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}2&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}},\quad \mathrm {ad} \,y\,=\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\-1&0&0\\0&2&0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Dies liest man aus den Kommutatorbeziehungen der Basis-Elemente ab. Da zum Beispiel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {ad} \,h)(x)=[h,x]={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}-{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}=2{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}=2x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
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<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mtr>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
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<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
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<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {ad} \,h)(x)=[h,x]={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}-{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}=2{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}=2x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a115447fc5e43f307ac81209935bd74b3a67f37f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:80.731ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {ad} \,h)(x)=[h,x]={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}-{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}=2{\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}=2x}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>ergibt sich die erste Spalte der Matrix-Darstellung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83065c05299301af38d26b1e8921bea32c28bdcd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.181ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}" loading="lazy"></span> usw.
Die darstellende Matrix der Killing-Form besteht definitionsgemäß aus den Spuren aller möglichen Produkte dieser 3er-Matrizen und man erhält nach einiger Rechnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0&0&4\\0&8&0\\4&0&0\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>8</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>4</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0&0&4\\0&8&0\\4&0&0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b598a49ed92098d1901acbd44edff948ea04dca3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:12.951ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0&0&4\\0&8&0\\4&0&0\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Determinante −128. Also ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ded600e15b581e1b97149bb9ef0fcefaa3fdb3cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.041ex; width:7.494ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}" loading="lazy"></span> nach dem Killing-Form Kriterium halbeinfach. Man kann leicht zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ded600e15b581e1b97149bb9ef0fcefaa3fdb3cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.041ex; width:7.494ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}" loading="lazy"></span> sogar einfach ist, was die aufwändige Rechnung einsparen würde, aber wir werden dieses Beispiel unten noch einmal aufgreifen.
</p><p>Da wir im Rahmen der Klassifikation alle halbeinfachen Lie-Algebren angeben werden, erübrigen sich hier weitere Beispiele.
</p><p>Die <a href="Allgemeine_lineare_Lie-Algebra" title="Allgemeine lineare Lie-Algebra">allgemeine lineare Lie-Algebra</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}(\mathbb {C} ^{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}(\mathbb {C} ^{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26cbad77c409895b1f86a8b1bdaf1a8c9d1bb657.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.529ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {gl}}(\mathbb {C} ^{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nicht halbeinfach, denn die Vielfachen der <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> bilden ein abelsches Ideal. Dieses ist gleich dem Radikal dieser Algebra.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grundlegende_Eigenschaften">Grundlegende Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Zunächst kann man aus jeder Lie-Algebra eine halbeinfache konstruieren:
</p>
<ul><li>Für jede Lie-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die <a href="Faktorraum" title="Faktorraum">Quotientenalgebra</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L/\mathrm {Rad} (L)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L/\mathrm {Rad} (L)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1f438967d85f36c488e050e695d476f71cb47a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.303ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L/\mathrm {Rad} (L)}" loading="lazy"></span> halbeinfach.</li></ul>
<p>Die obige Liste der äquivalenten Charakterisierungen stellt gleichzeitig eine Liste von Eigenschaften halbeinfacher Lie-Algebren dar. Weitere Eigenschaften einer halbeinfachen Lie-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> sind:<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys_Chapter_II_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys_Chapter_II-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Ideale und homomorphe Bilder sind wieder halbeinfach.</li>
<li>Das <a href="Zentrum_(Algebra)" title="Zentrum (Algebra)">Zentrum</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der Nullraum, denn das Zentrum ist ein abelsches Ideal.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\,=\,[L,L]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\,=\,[L,L]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81136e64af827482bdae0ee6013e50e1a8311395.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\,=\,[L,L]}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, die von allen Produkten erzeugte Unteralgebra fällt mit der Algebra selbst zusammen.</li>
<li>Nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Weyl_(Lie-Algebra)" title="Satz von Weyl (Lie-Algebra)">Satz von Weyl</a> ist jede endlichdimensionale <a href="Darstellung_(Lie-Algebra)" title="Darstellung (Lie-Algebra)">Darstellung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Darstellung_(Lie-Algebra)" title="Darstellung (Lie-Algebra)">vollständig reduzibel</a>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,L\,=\,\mathrm {Der} (L)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,L\,=\,\mathrm {Der} (L)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dfe6157a5865e497f7d22a6ec876e8ffa26a8396.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.409ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,L\,=\,\mathrm {Der} (L)}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, die Lie-Algebra der <a href="Derivation_(Mathematik)" title="Derivation (Mathematik)">Derivationen</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> stimmt mit dem Bild der <a href="Darstellung_(Lie-Algebra)" title="Darstellung (Lie-Algebra)">adjungierten Darstellung</a> überein, kurz alle Derivationen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> sind inner.</li>
<li>Die <a href="Cartan-Unteralgebra" title="Cartan-Unteralgebra">Cartan-Unteralgebren</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> sind genau die maximalen Unteralgebren aus <a href="Diagonalisierbarkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonalisierbarkeit">diagonalisierbaren</a> Elementen. Diese Unteralgebren sind abelsch.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifikation">Klassifikation</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Einleitung">Einleitung</h3></div>
<p>Im Folgenden betrachten wir nur Lie-Algebren über einem algebraisch abgeschlossenen Körper der Charakteristik 0. Die endlichdimensionalen, halbeinfachen unter ihnen lassen sich vollständig klassifizieren. Dazu wird jeder solchen Algebra ein geometrisches Objekt, ein sogenanntes <a href="Wurzelsystem" title="Wurzelsystem">reduziertes Wurzelsystem</a>, zugeordnet. Dabei handelt es sich um ein endliches Erzeugendensystem eines euklidischen Vektorraums mit einschränkenden Bedingungen für Winkel und Längenverhältnisse unter den erzeugenden Vektoren. Dann zeigt man, dass durch dieses Wurzelsystem die Isomorphie-Klasse der halbeinfachen Lie-Algebra eindeutig bestimmt ist und dass es zu jedem solchen Wurzelsystem eine zugehörige halbeinfache Lie-Algebra gibt. Die einfachen Lie-Algebren, die nach obiger Definition ja die Bausteine der halbeinfachen bilden, lassen sich alle angeben; es handelt sich um vier unendliche Reihen einfacher Lie-Algebren sowie um fünf weitere, sogenannte exzeptionelle, Lie-Algebren. Jede endlichdimensionale, halbeinfache Lie-Algebra ist isomorph zu einer endlichen <a href="Direkte_Summe" title="Direkte Summe">direkten Summe</a> solcher einfacher Lie-Algebren.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konstruktion_des_Wurzelsystems">Konstruktion des Wurzelsystems</h3></div>
<p>Zu einer endlichdimensionalen, halbeinfachen Lie-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> konstruieren wir wie folgt ein <a href="Wurzelsystem" title="Wurzelsystem">reduziertes Wurzelsystem</a>.
Man wähle eine Cartan-Unteralgebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>. Alle Elemente aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89e886699c379678dda3c716ccb96b706338d321.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.906ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,H}" loading="lazy"></span> sind <a href="Simultane_Diagonalisierbarkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultane Diagonalisierbarkeit">simultan diagonalisierbar</a>, das heißt, es gibt endlich viele lineare Funktionale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>, für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }:=\{x\in L|[hx]=\alpha (h)x\,\forall h\in H\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }:=\{x\in L|[hx]=\alpha (h)x\,\forall h\in H\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd45b98b7e29ed889925580e2e90df30bdd97f8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.286ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }:=\{x\in L|[hx]=\alpha (h)x\,\forall h\in H\}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht der Nullraum ist, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Vektorraumsumme dieser <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c43c3b10b17b9ec5db3bd140e0ed2d152b044efa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.867ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die vom Nullfunktional verschiedenen Funktionale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c43c3b10b17b9ec5db3bd140e0ed2d152b044efa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.867ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden ein endliches <a href="Erzeugendensystem" title="Erzeugendensystem">Erzeugendensystem</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi \subset H^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi \subset H^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bb296dc1807391f37e1b80b5748f013df45f279.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.934ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi \subset H^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Dualraum" title="Dualraum">Dualraum</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>-Erzeugnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\mathbb {Q} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\mathbb {Q} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1157ee13bb99241085e2b5d8dd71a5a24948ccd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.226ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\mathbb {Q} }}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> trägt die zur auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht-ausgearteten Killing-Form duale Bilinearform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fc515c912925128800226dd0b017be508069e24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span>. Beachte, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> als Körper der Charakteristik 0 den <a href="Primk%C3%B6rper" title="Primkörper">Primkörper</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> enthält. Diese Bilinearform lässt sich zu einer positiv definiten symmetrischen Bilinearform auf den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>-Vektorraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=\mathbb {R} \otimes _{\mathbb {Q} }E_{\mathbb {Q} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=\mathbb {R} \otimes _{\mathbb {Q} }E_{\mathbb {Q} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdc4c144e54a759bf15644962039ad90c9c98075.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.129ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=\mathbb {R} \otimes _{\mathbb {Q} }E_{\mathbb {Q} }}" loading="lazy"></span> erweitern, ebenso wie alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83706fd434db8b4c9eb92b502342f88f0b5ece70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.006ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha \in \Phi }" loading="lazy"></span>, deren Erweiterungen mit demselben Namen bezeichnet seien. Man kann zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E,\,(\cdot ,\cdot ),\,\Phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E,\,(\cdot ,\cdot ),\,\Phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a98a039d56b1f741f367f93a84e0d669c5518fe9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.433ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E,\,(\cdot ,\cdot ),\,\Phi }" loading="lazy"></span> ein reduziertes Wurzelsystem bilden.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h3></div>
<p>Zur Verdeutlichung der angegebenen Konstruktion greifen wir obiges Beispiel der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L={\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L={\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70b671cd5db12e7bb80451a1d5ec7504f55be855.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.135ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L={\mathfrak {sl}}(2,C)}" loading="lazy"></span> noch einmal auf.
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H:=\mathbb {C} {\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}z&0\\0&-z\end{pmatrix}}{\bigg |}\,z\in \mathbb {C} \right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H:=\mathbb {C} {\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}z&0\\0&-z\end{pmatrix}}{\bigg |}\,z\in \mathbb {C} \right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21d2fa7bb0303087302eaf695a40e0e81f7a8f01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:41.895ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H:=\mathbb {C} {\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}z&0\\0&-z\end{pmatrix}}{\bigg |}\,z\in \mathbb {C} \right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>
ist eine Cartan-Unteralgebra, die Diagonalisierbarkeit von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83065c05299301af38d26b1e8921bea32c28bdcd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.181ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}" loading="lazy"></span> liest man mühelos an obiger Matrix-Darstellung ab. Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> eindimensional ist und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>h</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83065c05299301af38d26b1e8921bea32c28bdcd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.181ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ad} \,h}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerte</a> 2, 0 und −2 hat, sind die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }\neq \{0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }\neq \{0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7fbceb35d26b3eb26592b65fee495ccc8642a8b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.453ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\alpha }\neq \{0\}}" loading="lazy"></span> genau für die Funktionale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{2}:\,zh\mapsto 2z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{2}:\,zh\mapsto 2z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67875cd0daebaf0402f01a2f77302c9ecf787432.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.158ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{2}:\,zh\mapsto 2z}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{0}:\,zh\mapsto 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{0}:\,zh\mapsto 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8089c02f8bb0368b8c88cea1cf874b33f3f8882a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.07ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{0}:\,zh\mapsto 0}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{-2}:\,zh\mapsto -2z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>z</mi>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{-2}:\,zh\mapsto -2z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70c030dfebe004ae1142773a5b713dd53b4f51c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.245ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{-2}:\,zh\mapsto -2z}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Nullraum verschieden, es ist also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi =\{\alpha _{2},\alpha _{-2}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi =\{\alpha _{2},\alpha _{-2}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bed33b5c918d696ac5a76e617f9a3ef653953d4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.498ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi =\{\alpha _{2},\alpha _{-2}\}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit besteht das Wurzelsystem aus einem Vektor zusammen mit seinem Negativen. Das ist ohnehin klar, wenn man weiß, dass dies bis auf Isomorphie das einzige eindimensionale, reduzierte Wurzelsystem ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unabhängigkeit_von_der_Cartan-Unteralgebra"><span id="Unabh.C3.A4ngigkeit_von_der_Cartan-Unteralgebra"></span>Unabhängigkeit von der Cartan-Unteralgebra</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi :L\rightarrow L'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi :L\rightarrow L'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bed0a955399bb199f02175488d8221e40ad29567.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.922ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi :L\rightarrow L'}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Lie-Algebren-Isomorphismus, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> wie oben, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H':=\varphi (H)\subset L'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H':=\varphi (H)\subset L'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/348b97861972ec03d7b2cd0feed0f999b208ebe2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.293ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H':=\varphi (H)\subset L'}" loading="lazy"></span> ebenfalls eine Cartan-Unteralgebra und obige Konstruktion für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L',H'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L',H'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a757dd7f79995773e2f7616f0704fdd89f6e7d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.09ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L',H'}" loading="lazy"></span> liefert ein isomorphes Wurzelsystem, im Wesentlichen weil man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" loading="lazy"></span> durch die gesamte Konstruktion ziehen kann.
</p><p>Die Konstruktion eines Wurzelsystems verwendet aber die Wahl einer Cartan-Unteralgebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit man hier eine nur von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängige Isomophie-Invariante erhält, muss man zeigen, dass jede andere Cartan-Unteralgebra zu einem isomorphen Wurzelsystem führt. Hier hilft der sogenannte Konjugationssatz weiter, für den keine Halbeinfachheit erforderlich ist:
</p>
<ul><li>Für eine endlich-dimensionale Lie-Algebra über einem algebraisch abgeschlossenen Körper sind alle Cartan-Unteralgebren zueinander konjugiert.</li></ul>
<p>Ist also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/575e08b1574dc1c2bb8c5941a2a68d6daca7fd8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.788ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H'}" loading="lazy"></span> neben <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> eine weitere Cartan-Unteralgebra, so gibt es einen Isomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi :L\rightarrow L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi :L\rightarrow L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c0a656aa9db34beeaac75fb9ae78be4df27d30e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.237ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi :L\rightarrow L}" loading="lazy"></span>, sogar eine Konjugation, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H'=\varphi (H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H'=\varphi (H)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe198d1914aed224d62dd9414c7db2ef9aaf6695.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.28ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H'=\varphi (H)}" loading="lazy"></span>, und die eingangs gemachte Bemerkung zeigt, dass die Wahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/575e08b1574dc1c2bb8c5941a2a68d6daca7fd8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.788ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H'}" loading="lazy"></span> zu isomorphen Wurzelsystemen führen.
</p><p>Fazit: Die oben beschriebene Konstruktion eines reduzierten Wurzelsystems ist eine Isomorphie-Invariante der Lie-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, isomorphe, endlichdimensionale, halbeinfache Lie-Algebren haben isomorphe Wurzelsysteme.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Der_Isomorphiesatz">Der Isomorphiesatz</h3></div>
<p>Bislang wissen wir, dass isomorphe, endlichdimensionale, halbeinfache Lie-Algebren isomorphe reduzierte Wurzelsysteme besitzen. Der sogenannte Isomorphiesatz sagt aus, dass umgekehrt zwei endlichdimensionale, halbeinfache Lie-Algebren mit isomorphen reduzierten Wurzelsystemen ihrerseits isomorph sind (beachte die Annahmen über den Grundkörper).
</p><p>Die reduzierten Wurzelsysteme kennt man aber alle. Sie zerfallen in irreduzible Komponenten, das heißt <a href="Zusammenhang_(Graphentheorie)" title="Zusammenhang (Graphentheorie)">Zusammenhangskomponenten</a> der zugehörigen <a href="Dynkin-Diagramm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynkin-Diagramm">Dynkin-Diagramme</a>, und diese korrespondieren zu einfachen direkten Summanden der Lie-Algebra. Die irreduziblen, reduzierten Wurzelsysteme kann man aufzählen. Wie im <a href="Wurzelsystem" title="Wurzelsystem">Artikel über Wurzelsysteme</a> ausgeführt, sind dies
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{n},n\geq 1,\quad B_{n},n\geq 2,\quad C_{n},n\geq 3,\quad D_{n},n\geq 4,\quad E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},\quad F_{4},\quad G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n},n\geq 1,\quad B_{n},n\geq 2,\quad C_{n},n\geq 3,\quad D_{n},n\geq 4,\quad E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},\quad F_{4},\quad G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/149e81b86e485558f1437f0d61b5631988993f38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:74.671ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n},n\geq 1,\quad B_{n},n\geq 2,\quad C_{n},n\geq 3,\quad D_{n},n\geq 4,\quad E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},\quad F_{4},\quad G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>In der nebenstehenden Skizze sind die zugehörigen Dynkin-Diagramme angegeben.
Genauer werden durch die Kürzel Isomorphieklassen von Wurzelsystemen definiert; man sagt daher auch, ein Wurzelsystem sei vom angegebenen Typ. Auch eine Lie-Algebra mit entsprechendem Wurzelsystem heißt Lie-Algebra dieses Typs.
Damit ist jede endlichdimensionale, halbeinfache Lie-Algebra isomorph zu einer direkten Summe einfacher Ideale, deren Typen in obiger Liste vorkommen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Der_Existenzsatz">Der Existenzsatz</h3></div>
<p>Nach dem bisher Gesagten wissen wir, dass die reduzierten Wurzelsysteme endlichdimensionaler, einfacher Lie-Algebren von oben aufgelisteten Typen sein müssen. Umgekehrt stellt sich natürlich die Frage, ob es zu jedem Typ eines reduzierten Wurzelsystems tatsächlich eine passende einfache Lie-Algebra gibt. Diese Frage wird durch den sogenannten Existenzsatz positiv beantwortet.
</p><p>Nach einem auf <a href="Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Serre</a> zurückgehenden Verfahren kann man mittels <a href="Freie_Lie-Algebra" title="Freie Lie-Algebra">freier Lie-Algebren</a>, wobei dann auch unendlichdimensionale Algebren vorkommen, und auf ihnen erklärter Relationen, das sind zwischen den Erzeugern der freien Algebra bestehende Gleichungen, die Existenz der gesuchten Lie-Algebren nachweisen. Die Relationen ergeben sich aus den Wurzelsystemen, sie erzeugen ein Ideal in einer gewissen freien Lie-Algebra und man muss schließlich zeigen, dass die Quotientenalgebra eine endlichdimensionale, halbeinfache Lie-Algebra mit dem vorgegebenen Wurzelsystem ist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Was nun noch fehlt, ist eine konkrete Realisierung dieser einfachen Lie-Algebren, deren vollständige Angabe natürlich ebenfalls den Existenzsatz beweist. Für die vier Reihen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45ef27c90564a8c7e8ca2fe00d26a9a63484f428.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.069ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das sehr einfach, die exzeptionellen Lie-Algebren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4},G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4},G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5360f7a21b46e5ec3a40b38bec24acb27b45e97f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.874ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4},G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben sich aus Algebren von Derivationen auf anderen exzeptionellen, nicht-assoziativen Algebren, genauer auf gewissen <a href="Jordan-Algebra" title="Jordan-Algebra">Jordan-Algebren</a> und auf der <a href="Oktave_(Mathematik)" title="Oktave (Mathematik)">Cayley-Algebra</a>. Nach Angabe dieser Liste kann man bis auf Isomorphie alle endlichdimensionalen, halbeinfachen Lie-Algebren hinschreiben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Die_klassischen_Algebren">Die klassischen Algebren</h4></div>
<p>Die einfachen Lie-Algebren zu den Wurzelsystemen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45ef27c90564a8c7e8ca2fe00d26a9a63484f428.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.069ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> nennt man die <i>klassischen Algebren</i>. Diese können leicht angegeben werden.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(n+1,K):=\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (n+1,K)|\,\mathrm {Spur} (x)=0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(n+1,K):=\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (n+1,K)|\,\mathrm {Spur} (x)=0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1419594ecba6cf5678367d901ee89e8406ec71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.041ex; width:49.997ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(n+1,K):=\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (n+1,K)|\,\mathrm {Spur} (x)=0\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist mit der <a href="Kommutator_(Mathematik)" title="Kommutator (Mathematik)">Kommutatorklammer</a> eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(n+2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(n+2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1597ed8e21feb9016d089f54689b942e18440dde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.602ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(n+2)}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/730f6906700685b6d52f3958b1c2ae659d2d97d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.962ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt, das zugehörige reduzierte Wurzelsystem ist von diesem Typ. Man nennt sie die spezielle <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">lineare Algebra</a>, da sie die Lie-Algebra zur <a href="Spezielle_lineare_Gruppe" title="Spezielle lineare Gruppe">speziellen linearen Gruppe</a> ist. Der Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9ec7e1edc2e6d98f5aec2a39ae5f1c99d1e1425.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1}" loading="lazy"></span> ist das oben vorgestellte Beispiel.
</p><p>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aba34f081d776e30204f3458e4f50b403b09e5c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.242ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\times n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\times n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59d2b4cb72e304526cf5b5887147729ea259da78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.63ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\times n}" loading="lazy"></span>-Einheitsmatrix, 0 bezeichne eine <a href="Nullmatrix" title="Nullmatrix">Nullmatrix</a> jeweils passender Größe und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d2e395e2fd6847edf44e51eb4462b3d3047e4b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.156ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> stehe für die <a href="Transponierte" class="mw-redirect" title="Transponierte">Transponierte</a> einer Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {o}}(2n+1,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n+1,K){\Bigg |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&I_{n}\\0&I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&I_{n}\\0&I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}">
<semantics>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {o}}(2n+1,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n+1,K){\Bigg |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&I_{n}\\0&I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&I_{n}\\0&I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7c16e67fabafd90bc696b48232cf10fa34e316c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:79.965ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {o}}(2n+1,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n+1,K){\Bigg |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&I_{n}\\0&I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&I_{n}\\0&I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt <i>orthogonale Algebra</i> und ist mit der Kommutatorklammer eine einfache <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(2n+1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(2n+1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/327942ddf0533872be65a1caba976f784a61954b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.764ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(2n+1)}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f568bf6d34e97b9fdda0dc7e276d6c4501d2045.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.982ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sp}}(2n,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n,K){\Big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\-I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\-I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msub>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sp}}(2n,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n,K){\Big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\-I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\-I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84924cd3c7cec069f77bcda5fef83a0181e20b26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; margin-left: -0.041ex; width:67.765ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sp}}(2n,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n,K){\Big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\-I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\-I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt <i>symplektische Algebra</i> und ist mit der Kommutatorklammer eine einfache <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(2n+1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(2n+1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/327942ddf0533872be65a1caba976f784a61954b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.764ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(2n+1)}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0301812adb392070d834ca2df4ed97f1cf132f33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {o}}(2n,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n,K){\Big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">o</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {o}}(2n,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n,K){\Big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7be08f38f827ef2a589e27c10d3c45da589a6605.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:63.052ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {o}}(2n,K):=\left\{x\in \mathrm {Mat} (2n,K){\Big |}\,{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}x=-x^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}0&I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{pmatrix}}\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt <i>orthogonale Algebra</i> und ist mit der Kommutatorklammer eine einfache <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(2n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(2n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3520a349efff24865a3ea825ae26836a8db7d688.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.764ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(2n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>D</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fe03857347bf517e7fbda4085b0dafd6018cf18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.143ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Die hier erneut verwendete Bezeichnung als <i>orthogonale Algebra</i> birgt keine Verwechslungsgefahr, da die Größen der auftretenden Matrizen jeweils gerade bzw. ungerade sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Die_exzeptionellen_Algebren">Die exzeptionellen Algebren</h4></div>
<p>Wir beginnen mit dem einfacheren Fall der Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<ul><li>Bezeichnet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cfb4d0d9067ed01e04e20160d7f644bf4955ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.425ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Oktave_(Mathematik)" title="Oktave (Mathematik)">Cayley-Algebra</a> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist die Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {C}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {C}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e08a69c5567db7262e8d00004727034054a7497.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.954ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {C}})}" loading="lazy"></span> der Derivationen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cfb4d0d9067ed01e04e20160d7f644bf4955ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.425ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine 14-dimensionale einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/645011b0c6933a02f5f7d84624f78220d747427e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Die Angabe der exzeptionellen Lie-Algebren zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5cd485368a0403aeb015576193308e8db7495bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.959ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{6},E_{7},E_{8},F_{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist aufwändiger, da hier exzeptionelle Jordan-Algebren ins Spiel kommen. Die Involution auf der Cayley-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cfb4d0d9067ed01e04e20160d7f644bf4955ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.425ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sei mit einem Querstrich bezeichnet. Dann definiere
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}({\mathfrak {C}}_{3}):=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}\xi _{1}&c&{\overline {b}}\\{\overline {c}}&\xi _{2}&a\\b&{\overline {a}}&\xi _{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\Big |}\,\xi _{1},\xi _{2},\xi _{3}\in K,\,a,b,c\in {\mathfrak {C}}\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>a</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>b</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}({\mathfrak {C}}_{3}):=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}\xi _{1}&c&{\overline {b}}\\{\overline {c}}&\xi _{2}&a\\b&{\overline {a}}&\xi _{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\Big |}\,\xi _{1},\xi _{2},\xi _{3}\in K,\,a,b,c\in {\mathfrak {C}}\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0afbe545056773214e7aaeb14dd4574d36bb2a0a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:54.736ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}({\mathfrak {C}}_{3}):=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}\xi _{1}&c&{\overline {b}}\\{\overline {c}}&\xi _{2}&a\\b&{\overline {a}}&\xi _{3}\end{pmatrix}}{\Big |}\,\xi _{1},\xi _{2},\xi _{3}\in K,\,a,b,c\in {\mathfrak {C}}\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>das ist der 27-dimensionale Raum der „<a href="Hermitesche_Matrix" title="Hermitesche Matrix">hermiteschen</a>“ 3er-Matrizen über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cfb4d0d9067ed01e04e20160d7f644bf4955ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.425ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Jordan-Produkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle x\cdot y:={\frac {1}{2}}(xy+yx),\quad x,y\in {\mathfrak {H}}({\mathfrak {C}}_{3})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle x\cdot y:={\frac {1}{2}}(xy+yx),\quad x,y\in {\mathfrak {H}}({\mathfrak {C}}_{3})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e63e4fe82557b050aedeccdbd865713152adaf58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:34.866ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle x\cdot y:={\frac {1}{2}}(xy+yx),\quad x,y\in {\mathfrak {H}}({\mathfrak {C}}_{3})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>macht diesen Raum zu einer mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/053e06f583204663ebbc8f8a8638796cef973a61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-left: -0.022ex; width:1.305ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichneten Jordan-Algebra. Das ist nicht selbstverständlich, da der Raum der 3er-Matrizen über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cfb4d0d9067ed01e04e20160d7f644bf4955ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.425ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht assoziativ ist. (Man kann zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/053e06f583204663ebbc8f8a8638796cef973a61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-left: -0.022ex; width:1.305ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}" loading="lazy"></span> exzeptionell ist, das heißt, nicht isomorph zu einer Jordan-Algebra ist, die sich von einer <a href="Assoziative_Algebra" title="Assoziative Algebra">assoziativen Algebra</a> herleitet.) Hiermit können wir den nächsten exzeptionellen Lie-Typ realisieren:
</p>
<ul><li>Die Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fd9b9d21f3471a871949cf87b9959d1d8ee2c5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.812ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})}" loading="lazy"></span> der Derivationen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/053e06f583204663ebbc8f8a8638796cef973a61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-left: -0.022ex; width:1.305ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist mit der Kommutatorklammer eine 52-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{4}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8718a2df1e70bea3cd21ab9e0cd45dc354818451.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.549ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{4}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Wir vergrößern nun <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fd9b9d21f3471a871949cf87b9959d1d8ee2c5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.812ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathfrak {J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in {\mathfrak {J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/163bc710d9728902329815f4d63669814e359629.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.454ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in {\mathfrak {J}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichne <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{x}\in \mathrm {End} ({\mathfrak {J}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{x}\in \mathrm {End} ({\mathfrak {J}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0725f5dd3be71a96e588a73e009a07128c56bba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.038ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{x}\in \mathrm {End} ({\mathfrak {J}})}" loading="lazy"></span> die Rechtsmultiplikation mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{x}(y):=y\cdot x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{x}(y):=y\cdot x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ce9eccc35d5913ef160a43b604f23e3f109847a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.811ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{x}(y):=y\cdot x}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei hier das Jordan-Produkt verwendet wird. Weiter sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9c1da4f71953b774b857b44f71317b710aba76d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.022ex; width:2.36ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge aller Elemente aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/053e06f583204663ebbc8f8a8638796cef973a61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; margin-left: -0.022ex; width:1.305ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {J}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Spur 0, das heißt, für die in oben verwendeter Definition <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi _{1}+\xi _{2}+\xi _{3}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi _{1}+\xi _{2}+\xi _{3}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b082615f70e40294149e6c4a9e71ddb1801431ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi _{1}+\xi _{2}+\xi _{3}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt.
</p>
<ul><li>Die Summe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})+\{R_{x}|x\in {\mathfrak {J}}_{0}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})+\{R_{x}|x\in {\mathfrak {J}}_{0}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7326f02030fed1fdfc8c8f0630ef428c44c27bb2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Der} ({\mathfrak {J}})+\{R_{x}|x\in {\mathfrak {J}}_{0}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {End} ({\mathfrak {J}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">J</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {End} ({\mathfrak {J}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc6e4a5c6e3b32cad558d65b4d6a81e2aaa20baa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.26ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {End} ({\mathfrak {J}})}" loading="lazy"></span> ist mit der Kommutatorklammer eine 78-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{6}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{6}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fe9319a2bccb13e55ac59551d91907827b3fde6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{6}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Für die 133-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{7}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{7}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5ee54d48879bea60bf535140cd2c6a1bd296b4d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{7}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die 248-dimensionale, einfache Lie-Algebra vom Typ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{8}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{8}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48479e96d90b4cfabc7784106cc3cfff907dda34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{8}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird auf das unten angegebene Lehrbuch von Richard D. Schafer bzw. auf die dort angegebene Literatur verwiesen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Cartan-Matrix" title="Cartan-Matrix">Cartan-Matrix</a></li>
<li><a href="Gruppe_vom_Lie-Typ" title="Gruppe vom Lie-Typ">Gruppe vom Lie-Typ</a></li>
<li><a href="Halbeinfache_Lie-Gruppe" title="Halbeinfache Lie-Gruppe">Halbeinfache Lie-Gruppe</a></li>
<li><a href="Kac-Moody-Algebra" title="Kac-Moody-Algebra">Kac-Moody-Algebra</a></li>
<li><a href="Symmetrischer_Raum" title="Symmetrischer Raum">Symmetrischer Raum</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Beweisarchiv:_Lie-Algebren:_Wurzelsysteme:_Klassifikation_von_Wurzelsystemen" class="extiw external" title="b:Beweisarchiv: Lie-Algebren: Wurzelsysteme: Klassifikation von Wurzelsystemen">Wikibooks: Ausführlicher Beweis der Klassifikation</a></b> – Lern- und Lehrmaterialien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard D. Schafer: <i>An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras</i>. Courier Dover Publications 1966, ISBN 0-486-68813-5 (<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25156" class="extiw external" title="gutenberg:25156">frei verfügbar</a> im <a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Carter: <i>Lie Algebras of Finite and Affine Type</i>, Cambridge University Press (2005), ISBN 978-0-521-85138-1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Humphreys_Chapter_II-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_Chapter_II_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_Chapter_II_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel II: <i>Semisimple Lie Algebras</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel III, 15.3: <i>Cartan subalgebras</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kap II, 8: <i>Root space decomposition</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel IV, 16: <i>Conjugacy theorems</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel IV, 14.2: <i>Isomorphism theorem</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel V, 18.3 : <i>Serre's Theorem</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel V, 19.2: <i>The classical algebras</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Humphreys: <i>Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory</i>. Springer, Berlin / New York 1972, ISBN 0-387-90053-5, Kapitel V, 19.3: <i>The algebra G<sub>2</sub></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard D. Schafer: <i>An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras</i>. Courier Dover Publications, 1966, ISBN 0-486-68813-5, Kapitel III,8 :<i>Derivations; Simple Lie Algebras of Type G</i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard D. Schafer: <i>An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras</i>. Courier Dover Publications, 1966, ISBN 0-486-68813-5, Kapitel IV, Theorem 4.9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard D. Schafer: <i>An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras</i>. Courier Dover Publications, 1966, ISBN 0-486-68813-5, Kapitel IV, 4: <i>Simple Lie Algebras of Type E<sub>6</sub></i>.</span>
</li>
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